Method and apparatus for improved cooling of a heat sink using a synthetic jet

ABSTRACT

A system for cooling a device includes a heat sink comprising a substrate having a plurality of fins arranged thereon, a fan positioned to direct an ambient fluid in a first direction across the heat sink, and a first synthetic jet assembly comprising one of a multi-orifice synthetic jet and a plurality of single orifice synthetic jets. The first synthetic jet assembly is configured to direct the ambient fluid in a second direction across the heat sink, wherein the second direction is approximately perpendicular to the first direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 13/074,700, filed Mar. 29, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to, U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 12/421,068, filed Apr. 9, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,496,049, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to thermal management systems, and more particularly to thermal management systems for use in embedded environments.

Environments having embedded electronic systems, hereinafter embedded environments or heated environments, offer challenges for thermal management. Such systems produce waste heat as a part of their normal operation, heat that must be removed for proper performance and reliability of the embedded electronics. The design of thermal management systems to provide cooling for embedded electronics is a formidable challenge due to space limitations. Examples of embedded electronic systems include single board computers, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), operator interface computers, laptop computers, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), personal pocket computers, and other small electronic devices, there is a limited amount of available space for thermal management systems. It has been known to use passive cooled heat sinks or forced air-cooling as thermal management systems to assist in the removal of heat from electronic components. Further, it has been known that conducting the heat generated by electronic components to a printed circuit board, on which they are mounted, provides a migration of the heat from a smaller area to a larger area. However, such techniques have limited heat removal capabilities.

Accordingly, there is a need for improved thermal management systems for embedded electronic systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a system for cooling a device includes a heat sink comprising a substrate having a plurality of fins arranged thereon, a fan positioned to direct an ambient fluid in a first direction across the heat sink, and a first synthetic jet assembly comprising one of a multi-orifice synthetic jet and a plurality of single orifice synthetic jets. The first synthetic jet assembly is configured to direct the ambient fluid in a second direction across the heat sink, wherein the second direction is approximately perpendicular to the first direction.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of fabricating a system for cooling an electronic device includes positioning a fan adjacently to a heat sink such that air flow from the fan is directed in a first direction through an array of fins of the heat sink. The method also includes positioning a first synthetic jet assembly adjacently to the heat sink such that air flow from the first synthetic jet assembly is directed in a second direction through the array of fins of the heat sink, wherein the second direction is approximately perpendicular to the first direction. The first synthetic jet assembly comprises one of a multi-orifice synthetic jet and a plurality of single orifice synthetic jets.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a cooling system includes a fan disposed adjacently to a heat sink to direct a first stream of ambient fluid through an array of fins of the heat sink and a first multi-orifice synthetic jet positioned adjacently to the heat sink to direct a second stream of ambient fluid through the array of fins of the heat sink. The first multi-orifice synthetic jet is positioned with respect to the fan such that the second stream of ambient fluid is approximately perpendicular to the first stream of ambient fluid.

Various other features and advantages will be made apparent from the following detailed description and the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings illustrate preferred embodiments presently contemplated for carrying out the invention.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a heat sink with distributed jet cooling.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the heat sink of FIG. 1 at a synthetic jet.

FIG. 3 depicts an example configuration for a multi-orifice synthetic jet for use in the heat sink of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4 depicts an example multi-stack synthetic jet assembly for use in the heat sink of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 5 illustrates the expulsion of ambient air from a chamber in response to contraction of the flexible chamber walls.

FIG. 6 illustrates the ingestion of air into the chamber in response to expansion of the flexible chamber walls.

FIG. 7 illustrates a first fan location for a heat sink embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a second fan location for a heat sink embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates another heat sink embodiment of the invention with distributed and integrated jet cooling.

FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of a portion of the heat sink of FIG. 9 at a synthetic jet.

FIG. 11 schematically depicts a single plate fin with an integrated synthetic jet for use in the heat sink of FIGS. 9 and 10.

FIG. 12 illustrates another heat sink embodiment of the invention with distributed and integrated jet cooling.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of a portion of the heat sink of FIG. 12 showing several synthetic jets.

FIG. 14 schematically depicts, in cross-sectional view, an example configuration of a synthetic jet for use in the heat sink shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

FIG. 15 illustrates a v-groove configuration for the heat sink of FIGS. 1-6.

FIG. 16 illustrates a v-groove plate fin configuration.

FIG. 17 illustrates a particular configuration of the fin of FIGS. 9-11 with enhanced thermal coupling to the base of the heat sink.

FIG. 18 schematically depicts a top view of an exemplary heat sink embodiment with forced convection and synthetic jet cooling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a heat sink 10 with distributed jet cooling. As shown, for example, in FIG. 1, the heat sink comprises a base 12 for thermal connection to at least one heated object 20. The heated object 20 may be any object requiring cooling, non-limiting examples of which include high power processors and power electronics. The base 12 (base plate or sink plate) can be formed of a variety of thermally conductive materials, as known in the art. The heat sink 10 further includes an array of fins 14 thermally coupled to the base. The fins may be arranged in a two-dimensional array of “pin fins” as shown, for example in FIG. 1. For other arrangements, the fins 14 may take the form of a one-dimensional array of “plate fins” defining slots between them, as shown for example in FIGS. 7 and 8. Briefly, the heat from the heated object 20 is transferred into the base 12, which in turn transfers heat into the fins 14. The fins 14 increase the surface area for heat transfer for cooling the heated body 20.

In the illustrated example, the heat sink 10 further includes at least one multi-orifice synthetic jet 30 disposed on a side 15, 16 of the array of fins. In other example arrangements, multiple single jets are disposed on the respective side 15, 16 of the array of fins. The multiple single jets are similar to the multi-orifice synthetic jets discussed herein, except that that the single jets include a single orifice. For the example illustrated in FIG. 3, each of the multi-orifice synthetic jets 30 comprises a first flexible structure 32, a second flexible structure 34, at least one active material 36 coupled to at least one of the first and second flexible structures, and a compliant wall 38 positioned between the first and second flexible structures and defining a chamber. As indicated in FIG. 3, the compliant wall defines multiple orifices 39 for facilitating fluid communication between the chamber and an ambient environment of the fins 14. It should be noted that the number of orifices shown in FIG. 3 is merely illustrative and is non-limiting. In one non-limiting example, the compliant wall 38 comprises an elastomer. Other example materials for the compliant wall 38 include, without limitation, polymers, glues, adhesives, metals, and composites.

In the illustrated arrangement of FIG. 3, the active material 36 is positioned on both of the first and second flexible structures 32, 34. It should be noted that the locations of the active materials 36 on the flexible structures 32, 34 shown in the figures are purely illustrative, and the invention is not limited to any specific locations of active materials. In particular embodiments, the active material is coextensive with the respective flexible structure. In other embodiments, the active material extends over only a portion of the flexible structure. The active material can take the form of a single continuous portion. Alternatively, multiple discontinuous portions of the active material can be employed to actuate respective ones of the flexible structures. A suitable active material is one, which is capable of creating stress resulting from an electrical stimulus.

Examples of suitable active material include piezoelectric material, magnetostrictive material (magnetic fields from coils attract/oppose one another), shape-memory alloy, and motor imbalance (motor with a mass imbalance creates oscillatory motion). Within the subset of piezoelectric materials, suitable active materials include bimorph piezoelectric configurations, where two piezo layers are energized out of phase to produce bending; thunder configurations, where one piezo layer is disposed on a pre-stressed stainless steel shim; buzzer element configurations, where one piezo layer is disposed on a brass shim; and MFC configurations, where a piezo fiber composite on a flexible circuit is bonded to a shim. The active material may incorporate a ceramic material.

As indicated in FIG. 4, the heat sink 10 may comprise a stack 60 of the single or multi-orifice synthetic jets 30. Similar to the arrangement described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the stack 60 is disposed on one of the sides 15, 16 of the array of fins 14. Although FIG. 4 depicts a stack of two multi-orifice synthetic jets, the stack 60 may include any number of synthetic jets depending on the cooling application (for example, on the fin 14 height). The synthetic jets 30 may be separated by a spacer 42, as indicated in FIG. 4. In one non-limiting example, the spacer 42 comprises plastic.

As schematically depicted in FIG. 1, a synthetic jet driver 40 is provided to apply an electrical current to the at least one active material 36, to form streams of ambient air. The synthetic jet driver 40 can be electrically coupled to the active material 136 using wires or flexible interconnects, for example. Briefly, electrical current from synthetic jet driver 40 is received by the active material, and transformed into mechanical energy. As shown, for example in FIG. 5, the active material 36 creates stress on the flexible walls 32, 34, causing them to flex inwardly, resulting in a chamber volume change and an influx of ambient air into the chamber 70, and then outwardly, thereby ejecting the ambient air from the chambers 70 via the orifices 39. Similarly, as illustrated in FIG. 6, when the active material 36 creates stress on the flexible chamber walls 32, 34 causing them to expand, resulting in another chamber volume change, ambient air is drawn into the chamber 70 via the orifices 39. In this manner, the driver 40 actuates the jets 30. The synthetic jet driver 40 may be co-located with the other heat sink elements or may be remotely located. The current may be provided as a sine wave, a square wave, a triangular wave, or any other suitable waveform, and it should be appreciated that the current is not to be limited to any specific waveform. However, it has been found that currents having lower harmonics, such as, for example, a sine wave, may be used to provide a quieter synthetic jet 30. The voltage level for the electrical current may be between 1 and 150 volts but is not so limited. The frequency of the current may be between 2 and 300 hertz for embodiments requiring reduced noise, and between 300 hertz and 15 kilohertz for embodiments that do not require reduced noise levels.

For the example arrangement depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, the heat sink 10 comprises multiple multi-orifice synthetic jets 30 disposed on respective sides 15, 16 of the array of fins 14. In particular, for the arrangement of FIG. 1, there are two multi-orifice synthetic jets 30 disposed on the respective sides 15, 16 of the array of fins 14. As indicated by the arrows in FIG. 2, for this example arrangement, the orifices may be disposed, so as to direct air between the fins 14 and to draw air from between the fins 14.

The orifices 39 may be configured in a variety of arrangements depending on the desired cooling flow and on the configuration of the array of fins 14. In one example arrangement, at least a subset of the orifices 39 are positioned to eject an ambient fluid directly on the fins 14. In another example arrangement, at least a subset of the orifices 39 are oriented at an angle transverse to an opposing surface 11 of the fins 14. For certain configurations, the ambient fluid is ejected perpendicular to a plane of the fins 14, as indicated for example in FIG. 5.

As shown, for example, in FIG. 7, for particular embodiments, the heat sink 10 further comprises a fan 50 disposed on one of an inlet and an outlet side 21, 23 of the array of fins 14. The fan 50 is configured to draw the ambient fluid through the fins 14, and the ambient fluid drawn by the fan 50 interacts with the ambient fluid ejected from the multi-orifice synthetic jets or from the multiple single jets to further enhance the cooling by at least ten percent (10%) relative to a jet-free condition. For configurations having the fan 50 disposed at the inlet side 21 of the fins 14, the fan 50 is configured to push flow towards the array of fins. Similarly, fans 50 disposed at the outlet side 23 of the array of fins are configured to pull flow through the array. FIG. 8 illustrates another arrangement, in which the fan 50 is disposed above the array of fins 14 and configured to blow an ambient fluid on the fins 14.

A number of different fin configurations can be employed for the heat sink of FIGS. 1-6. For the arrangement depicted in FIG. 1, the fins 14 are pin fins and are arranged in a regular array. FIG. 15 illustrates another pin fin configuration for the heat sink 10 of FIGS. 1-6, in which the fins 14 are staggered (offset) to provide a v-groove cooling configuration. FIG. 16 illustrates a v-groove plate fin configuration. Under specific circumstances, computer simulation results have demonstrated a thirty percent performance enhancement for the v-groove configuration relative to the conventional plate fin arrangement shown for example in FIGS. 7 and 8. This enhanced cooling is due in large part to more efficient confinement of the vortices in the v-groove heat sink fin arrays. Unlike the air flow from a fan, the flow field surrounding the vortex dipoles consists of velocity vectors which are not largely parallel to the heat sink fin gaps. As a result, as these vortices approach a conventional heat sink (without grooving), their local approach velocities may not be well-aligned with the fin gaps, causing an imperfect transfer of momentum to the air in the gaps. The v-grooving improves the entrapment of this momentum contained within the dipoles and enhances the heat transfer off the heat sink. It should be noted that although FIGS. 15 and 16 show v-groove configurations with symmetric v-grooves, the invention is not limited to these arrangements and can also employ asymmetric v-groove configurations. Similarly, although FIGS. 15 and 16 show v-grooves with centerlines aligned with the respective centerlines of the jets, offset arrangements may also be employed, in which the centerlines of the v-grooves are offset from the centerlines of the jets. Similarly, combinations of these arrangements may also be employed (asymmetric v-grooves that are offset for the respective jets).

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate another heat sink 100 embodiment of the invention with distributed and integrated jet cooling. As shown for example in FIG. 9, the heat sink 100 includes a base 12 for thermal connection to at least one heated object 20. As discussed above, the invention is not limited to cooling a specific type of heated object, but rather can be used to cool a variety of heated objects. The heat sink 100 further includes an array of fins 114 thermally coupled to the base 12. For the example configuration shown in FIG. 9, a two-dimensional array of “plate fins” is employed. Respective ones of at least a subset of the fins comprise a synthetic jet 102 configured to eject an ambient fluid into an ambient environment of the fins and base. In specific embodiments, a synthetic jet 102 is inset into each of the fins 114. The synthetic jets 102 are shown in greater detail in FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 schematically depicts a single plate fin 114 with an integrated synthetic jet for use in the heat sink of FIGS. 9 and 10. As shown in FIG. 11, each of the fins 114 with an integrated jet 102 comprises a first flexible structure 132, a second structure 134, and at least one active material 136 coupled to the first flexible structure 132. The active material 136 is discussed above with reference to heat sink 10. For the integrated embodiment of FIGS. 9-11, example materials for the flexible structures 132, 134 include, without limitation, metal-based materials, such as aluminum and copper, composite structures, for example, carbon fiber filled materials, and thermally conductive polymer based materials. A compliant wall 138 is positioned between the first and second structures 132, 134 thereby forming a chamber. The compliant wall 138 defines at least one orifice 139 for facilitating fluid communication between the chamber and the ambient environment.

According to a more particular embodiment, the second structure 134 is flexible, and the active material 136 is coupled to at least one of the first and second flexible structures 132, 134. In more particular embodiments, active material 136 is coupled to both flexible structures 132, 134, such that both of these walls are actuated. As discussed above, the active material can take the form of a single continuous portion. Alternatively, multiple discontinuous portions of the active material can be employed to actuate respective ones of the flexible structures.

FIG. 17 illustrates a particular configuration of the fin 114 of FIGS. 9-11 with enhanced thermal coupling to the base of the heat sink. For the example configuration shown in FIG. 17, each of the fins 114 with an integral jet further comprises at least one thermally conductive portion 140 extending between the first and second structures 132, 134 and disposed to thermally couple the fin to the base 12. In the illustrated example shown in FIG. 17, the fin 114 includes two thermally conductive portions 140. Non-limiting example materials for the thermally conductive portions 140 include metals, such as copper. In example arrangements the thermally conductive portions 140 are attached to the base plate, for example by brazing.

For the example shown in FIG. 11, at least one synthetic jet driver 40 is provided to actuate one or more of the synthetic jets 102. The synthetic jet driver 40 can be electrically coupled to the active material 136 using wires or flexible interconnects, for example. As noted above, the synthetic jet driver 40 may be co-located with the other heat sink elements or may be remotely located. The operation of the synthetic jets 102 is similar to that of multi-orifice synthetic jets 30 described above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.

Advantages of the heat sink 100 embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 9-11 and 17 include a compact, relatively light design with increased surface area. In addition, the design is rugged, in that the active material is inherently protected by the fins.

Further, the synthetic jets 102 can be used alone or in combination with one or more fans 50, depending on the application. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 7, a fan 50 may be disposed on one of an inlet and an outlet side 121, 123 of the array of fins 114. The fan is configured to draw the ambient fluid through the fins 114, such that the ambient fluid drawn by the fan 50 interacts with the ambient air ejected from the synthetic jets 102 to further enhance the cooling. Similarly, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 8, a fan 50 may be disposed above the array of fins 114 and configured to blow the ambient fluid on the fins 114.

FIGS. 12-14 illustrate another heat sink 200 embodiment of the invention with distributed and integrated jet cooling. As shown for example in FIG. 12, the heat sink 200 includes a base 12 for thermal connection to at least one heated object 20. As discussed above, the heated object 20 may be any object requiring cooling. The heat sink 200 further includes an array of fins 214 thermally coupled to the base 12. At least a subset of the fins comprise synthetic jets 202 configured to eject an ambient fluid into an ambient environment of the fins 214 and base 12. For the example configuration shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, each of the fins 214 is coupled to a synthetic jet 202. However, for other arrangements (not shown) synthetic jets 202 are provided for only a subset of the fins 214.

FIG. 14 schematically depicts, in cross-sectional view, an example configuration of a synthetic jet 202 for use in the heat sink shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. For the example configuration shown in FIG. 14, the synthetic jet 202 comprises at least one flexible structure 232, a second structure 234, and at least one active material 236 coupled to the flexible structure 232. A compliant wall 238 is positioned between the flexible structure 232 and the second structure 234, thereby defining a chamber. The compliant wall defines at least one orifice, which is indicated by reference numeral 239, for facilitating fluid communication between the chamber and the ambient environment. Example active materials and example materials for the compliant wall are discussed above. Example materials for flexible structures 232, 234 include, but are not limited to metals, conductive polymers, and plastics.

For the example arrangement shown in FIG. 14, the second structure 234 comprises a second flexible structure 234, and the active material 236 is coupled to at least one of the first and second flexible structures. For the particular configuration shown in FIG. 14, the active material 236 is coupled to both flexible structures 232, 234, such that both structures can be actuated, for example upon application of an electric current. Further, for the arrangement shown in FIG. 14, the second flexible structure 234 is separated from the surface 211 of the fin 214 by a gap 216 when the synthetic jet 202 is in an unactuated state.

The operation of synthetic jet 202 is similar to that of synthetic jet 30, as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. Typically, a synthetic jet driver 40 is provided to apply an electrical current to the at least one active material 236, to form streams of ambient air. The synthetic jet driver 40 can be electrically coupled to the active material 236 using wires or flexible interconnects, for example. Briefly, upon application of an electrical current from synthetic jet driver 40, the active material 236 creates stress on the flexible wall 232 causing it to flex inwardly, resulting in a chamber volume change and an influx of ambient air into the chamber 270, and then outwardly, thereby ejecting the ambient air from the chamber 270 via the orifice 239. Similarly, when the active material 236 creates stress on the flexible chamber walls 232 it to expand, resulting in another chamber volume change, ambient air is drawn into the chamber 270 via the orifice 239. In this manner, the driver 40 actuates the jet 202. As note above, the synthetic jet driver 40 may be co-located with the other heat sink elements or may be remotely located. The current may be provided as a sine wave, a square wave, a triangular wave, or any other suitable waveform, and it should be appreciated that the current is not to be limited to any specific waveform.

Further, the synthetic jets 202 can be used alone or in combination with one or more fans 50, depending on the application. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 7, a fan 50 may be provided on one of an inlet and an outlet side 221, 223 of the array of fins 214, where the fan is configured to draw the ambient fluid through the fins, and where the ambient fluid drawn by the fan interacts with the ambient air ejected from the synthetic jets to further enhance the cooling. Similarly, and as discussed above with reference to FIG. 8, a fan 50 may be provided above the array of fins 214 and configured to blow the ambient fluid on the fins.

FIG. 18 illustrates a cooling system 150 that includes heat sink 10 and fan 50, according to another embodiment of the invention. As shown, fan 50 is positioned at inlet side 21 of heat sink 10 to direct ambient fluid across base 12 and array of fins 14 toward outlet side 23. One skilled in the art will readily recognize that fan 50 may alternatively be positioned at outlet side 23 of heat sink 10, so as to draw the ambient fluid through and away from base 12 and array of fins 14 of heat sink 10. Fins 14 may be arranged in a rectangular array, such as shown in FIGS. 1, 12, and 18 or as a staggered array, such as shown in FIG. 15 as an example.

Cooling system 150 also includes at least two synthetic jets 30 a, 30 b positioned on respective sides 15, 16 of heat sink 10. Optionally, cooling system 150 includes additional synthetic jets, such as optional jets 30 c, 30 d (shown in phantom), positioned adjacently to heat sink 10. According to alternative embodiments, synthetic jets 30 a, 30 b and optional jets 30 c, 30 d may be configured as multi-orifice synthetic jets, similar to jets 30 illustrated in FIG. 3, or as individual synthetic jets that include a single orifice. While cooling system 150 is shown as including four synthetic jets 30 a-d, one skilled in the art will recognize that the number of jets may be selected based on the system specifications and desired cooling characteristics.

In operation, fan 50 and synthetic jets 30 a-d operate together to cool heat sink 10. Fan 50 directs a stream of ambient fluid across base 12 and array of fins 14 of heat sink 10 in direction 152 such that the ambient fluid ejected from fan 50 flows from inlet side 21 of heat sink 10 toward outlet side 23. Synthetic jets 30 a-d enhance heat transfer by directing cool ambient fluid that has bypassed the heat sink 10 back towards it. As shown in FIG. 18, synthetic jets 30 a, 30 c are positioned to eject streams of fluid in direction 154 across the width of heat sink 10 through array of fins 14. Synthetic jets 30 b, 30 d are positioned to eject streams of fluid in direction 156, which is opposite direction 154. Thus, jets 30 a, 30 c and jets 30 b, 30 d eject fluid across heat sink 10 in directions approximately perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow from fan 50. In one exemplary embodiment, fan 50 is sized to direct a stream of ambient fluid at a velocity not more than half the velocity of the stream of ambient fluid that is ejected from jets 30 a-d.

As the ambient fluid from fan 50 passes across heat sink 10, the temperature of the ambient fluid increases as it travels from upstream section 158, across central section 160, and then across downstream section 162. Thus, the effectiveness of the convective cooling from fan 50 decreases in direction 152 along the length of heat sink 10. Synthetic jets 30 a-d enhance cooling of heat sink 10 by directing ambient fluid toward heat sink 10 that is cooler than the fluid from fan 50, which was been heated as it passes along the length of heat sink 10. Accordingly, in one embodiment, a first synthetic jet 30 a is positioned approximately halfway along length of heat sink 10, aligned with a central section 160 of heat sink 10, to direct cooler fluid from the vicinity of the heat sink 10 into the array of fins 14. The cooler fluid from synthetic jet 30 a mixes with the heated fluid from fan 50 and enhances convective cooling across heat sink 10. As shown in FIG. 18, synthetic jet 30 b and optional jets 30 c, 30 d, are positioned farther downstream than jet 30 a, adjacent to a downstream section 162 of heat sink 10, to provide additional cooling enhancement as the fluid from fan 50 that flows in direction 152 across heat sink 10 increases in temperature. One skilled in the art will recognize that the position of jets 30 a-d along heat sink 10 may be selected based on design specifications and desired cooling characteristics.

As further shown in FIG. 18, synthetic jets 30 a, 30 b and optional jets 30 c, 30 d may be positioned in a staggered pattern along the length of heat sink 10 such that they are not directly aligned with one another. As such, the flow of air ejected from a jet positioned on side 15 of heat sink 10, such as synthetic jet 30 a or 30 c, does not directly oppose the flow from a jet positioned on side 16 of heat sink 10, such as synthetic jet 30 b or 30 d. In one embodiment, synthetic jets 30 a-d are staggered adjacently to a sub-portion of the length of the heat sink 10 that includes central section 160 and downstream section 162. Alternatively, jets 30 a, 30 b may be positioned on a common side of heat sink, such as side 15, for example.

Therefore, in accordance with one embodiment, a system for cooling a device includes a heat sink comprising a substrate having a plurality of fins arranged thereon, a fan positioned to direct an ambient fluid in a first direction across the heat sink, and a first synthetic jet assembly comprising one of a multi-orifice synthetic jet and a plurality of single orifice synthetic jets. The first synthetic jet assembly is configured to direct the ambient fluid in a second direction across the heat sink, wherein the second direction is approximately perpendicular to the first direction.

In accordance with another embodiment, a method of fabricating a system for cooling an electronic device includes positioning a fan adjacently to a heat sink such that air flow from the fan is directed in a first direction through an array of fins of the heat sink. The method also includes positioning a first synthetic jet assembly adjacently to the heat sink such that air flow from the first synthetic jet assembly is directed in a second direction through the array of fins of the heat sink, wherein the second direction is approximately perpendicular to the first direction. The first synthetic jet assembly comprises one of a multi-orifice synthetic jet and a plurality of single orifice synthetic jets.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a cooling system includes a fan disposed adjacently to a heat sink to direct a first stream of ambient fluid through an array of fins of the heat sink and a first multi-orifice synthetic jet positioned adjacently to the heat sink to direct a second stream of ambient fluid through the array of fins of the heat sink. The first multi-orifice synthetic jet is positioned with respect to the fan such that the second stream of ambient fluid is approximately perpendicular to the first stream of ambient fluid.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A heat sink with distributed and integrated jet cooling, the heat sink comprising: a base for thermal connection to at least one heated object; an array of fins thermally coupled to the base; and a plurality of synthetic jets coupled to respective fins of the array of fins and configured to eject an ambient fluid into an ambient environment of the fins and base, wherein the synthetic jets are provided for a plurality of fins in the array of fins, with each fin of the plurality of fins including a respective one of the plurality of synthetic jets coupled thereto such that the synthetic jet and the fin collectively form a rectangular perimeter, with the synthetic jet and the fin each forming a portion of the perimeter.
 2. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein each of the synthetic jets comprises: a flexible structure; a second structure; an active material coupled to the flexible structure; and an elastomeric wall positioned between the flexible structure and the second structure and defining a chamber, wherein the elastomeric wall defines at least one orifice for facilitating fluid communication between the chamber and the ambient environment.
 3. The heat sink of claim 2, wherein the second structure comprises a second flexible structure, and an active material is coupled to the second flexible structure, and wherein the second flexible structure is separated from a surface of the respective one of the fins by a gap when the synthetic jet is in an unactuated state.
 4. The heat sink of claim 3, wherein each of the first and second flexible structures is formed from one of aluminum, copper, a composite structure, a carbon fiber filled material, or a thermally conductive polymer-based material.
 5. The heat sink of claim 2, wherein each of the fins in the array of fins comprises a plate fin. 